The Epistemological and Therapeutic Shift from Synthetic Pharmaceuticals to Phytomedicine and Alternative Therapies: A Comparative Analysis of Physiological Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, Environmental Impacts, and Molecular Pathways

  • Mabroukh Salim Mohamed Omraan Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Bani Walid, Libya ORCID
  • Abduladim Sakeb Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Bani Walid ORCID
  • Loay A. Alchalaby Drugs and Toxicology Branch, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq ORCID
  • Safaa P. Bahnam Pharmaceutical Chemistry Branch, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq ORCID
DOI https://doi.org/10.64943/esjti2026.020203
Published: 2026-07-30
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Abstract

In this academic research, the authors focus on the paradigm shift in the whole world with the preferred use of synthetic pharmaceuticals substituted by phytomedicine and complementary/alternative medicine (CAM). By applying to a comparative evaluation and physiological-environmental review framework, the paper will analyse therapeutic efficacy, molecular and adverse effect profiles as well as ecological footprints of both medical paradigms. The evidence shows that although synthetic pharmaceuticals provide quick and acute solutions, it is linked with the high occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), ecopharmacovigilance potential and rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In contrast, botanical preparations have shown to be holistically therapeutic through the "entourage effect and multi-target network pharmacology, and possess reduced acute toxicity. Nevertheless, phytomedicines have difficulties with the batch-to-batch standardization and inconsistent regulations. The need to develop an "Integrative Medicine" paradigm, which combines the safety and multi-target synergy of botanical medicine with the rigours of analytical standards of modern clinical examination, is highlighted in this paperHR0057.

Keywords: Synthetic pharmaceuticals Phytomedicine Alternative therapies Clinical efficacy Integrative medicine

How to Cite

Salim Mohamed Omraan, M. ., Sakeb, A. ., A. Alchalaby, L. ., & P. Bahnam, S. (2026). The Epistemological and Therapeutic Shift from Synthetic Pharmaceuticals to Phytomedicine and Alternative Therapies: A Comparative Analysis of Physiological Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy, Environmental Impacts, and Molecular Pathways. EuroScience Journal of Technological Innovation (ESJTI) , 10-17. https://doi.org/10.64943/esjti2026.020203

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Volume 2, No. 2, 2026

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 Mabroukh Salim Mohamed Omraan, Abduladim Sakeb, Loay A. Alchalaby, Safaa P. Bahnam (Author)

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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